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Extracted Statements about cause taken from The reason for preparing this summary of references to "cause" or "causation" of accidents is to demonstrate the diversity of perceptions within the air safety investigator community. The list was compiled by doing a word search for "cause" in the digitized proceedings of the Seminar, and copying the text from each hit on cause or causation to this document. Ludwig Benner, Jr. April 8, 1998 Extracted Statements about cause taken from 1996 ISASI Seminar Proceedings, Part I
Australia as a Case Study of a Safe SystemGraham R. Braithwaite ST3644 Accidents occur as a result of the combination of several causal factors. accident cause statistics indicate 70-80% of accidents are the results of human error. But . . . There is a great deal we still do not understand about the causes of incidents and accidents. Impact Reconstruction: Flight Path to CausationPaul Bray, Jr. M02072 The aircraft type, the equipment, and pilot capability all enter into the equation of accident causation. There is a repeating scenario that shows that an equipment malfunction, which can not be overcome by the pilot, may be the most probable cause of many of these accidents attributed to pilot error. aircraft. When combined with the flight track, the combination begins to tell us something about the crash causation. Using Voluntary Incident Reports for Human Factors EvaluationsSheryl L. Chappell In tracing the causal chains of aviation accidents, safety investigators and researchers have generally been effective in determining what happened. They have been less effective in determining the why of events--why people acted as they did, why a system failed, why a human erred. Aeronautical incident reports come from many sources, including pilots, air traffic controllers, flight attendants, mechanics, and airport ground personnel. When a safety hazard is suspected, incident data can often provide facts that prove or disprove its existence. These data are ideally suited for understanding the possible causes of safety hazards, defining potential intervention strategies, and tracking the safety consequences once intervention has begun. International Accident Investigation in the Asia Pacific RegionAn Airline Pilot's Perspective Found no reference to causes Adding Value to Aviation Operations: New Directions for the 21st Century InvestigatorThomas A. Farrier M03763
American Eagle Flight 4184 An Icing CrisisGregory A. Feith, MO2342 the National Transportation Safety Board adopted the final report of facts, conditions and circumstances, and determined that the probable causes of this accident were the loss of control attributed to a sudden and unexpected aileron hinge moment reversal that occurred after a ridge of ice accreted beyond the deice boots because: . . . The Safety Board also found that contributing to the accident were:. . . The investigation of the American Eagle ATR 72 involved numerous investigators spending hundreds of manhours identifying and analyzing thousands of documents to identify the causes of this accident. To say that after 20 months of investigating, the Safety Board's final analysis and determination of probable cause was no t readily accepted by all parties, organizations, or individuals is a monumental understatement. --respective training programs might be insufficient to demonstrate the cause for and the recovery from aircraft attitudes that are not considered to be "normal." Helicopter Logging Mishaps:Applying Lessons In An Expanding Industry yet engine failure/power loss were not necessarily dominant causal factors While the laboratory teardown identified the "proximate cause" of the accident, the operational factors revealed a more complete picture. When it has gone wrong and an accident has resulted, meticulous investigation has often identified a visible cause and the lesson has been learnt. accidents. 1990 was a record year with the 300 mark being passed for the first time; since then we have Incidents: the Route to Human Factors in Engineering?David King M03393 When it has gone wrong and an accident has resulted, meticulous investigation has often identified a visible cause and the lesson has been learnt. Human factor related causes to accidents are not restricted to the flight deck. Does it matter that his actions and the final consequences are separated in time by hours, even days, if in that intervening period there was no attempt or opportunity to discover the mistake? Time was real enough throughout the task for the individual and only a sterile period separates cause and effect.
Bogus Parts Myth or Fact?James F. Leggett, Attorney at Law MO0847 Thus, there is no jury verdict determining the cause of the crash. The questions were 1) what caused this hole; and 2) whether this hole existed before the crash. A hole such as this would cause the fire and loss of the right engine within seconds. Applying Perrow's Complexity Model to Aviation Hazard IdentificationRobert S. Ratner (M03703) Aircraft accident research and investigation has shown that many accidents "are no accident." That is, in the leadup to many accidents are factors that can predispose a situation toward a human error or system or component failure, and these can directly contribute to the cause of the accident. What has been done to reduce SIMOPS hazards is to establish specific training programs and operational procedures that recognize that cause and effect are very tightly coupled in SIMOPS and attempt to increase vigilance, and to define runway signing and lighting requirements for the same purposes. Accident Investigation and Amateur Built Experimental AircraftMichael L. Stockholm sharp corners or edges, protrusions, knobs and similar objects that may cause injury to the pilot or passengers in the event of an accident. routinely accepted for primary structural applications by FAA for certificate aircraft, due to concerns He stated that the engine continued to surge even after the throttle was reduced to idle; this caused him to overshoot his intended landing spot. NTSB determined that the direct cause of this accident was an improperly functioning fuel boost pump. kit airplane. Management of Aviation Operations Was the Board Room Active in Preventing the Accident?Richard B. Stone WO0837 Scott T. Young, Ph.D., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. For a number of years the aviation accident investigation community has been wrestling with the concept of evaluating what role airline management plays in the cause of an accident. The issue of individual accountability arose in a dissenting opinion of an investigation of a runway collision between a Boeing 727 and a Beech King Air A100 (5): "I also disagree with the notion that agencies cause accidents. Failure of people and failure of equipment cause accidents. Shifting the cause from people to agencies blurs and diffuses the individual accountability that I believe is critically important in the operation and maintenance of the transportation system." ..This incident is typical of the mentality of military style organizations, where errors are cause for discipline rather than an indication of a problem in need of correction. Reason, James T. "Identifying the Latent Causes of Aircraft Accidents Before and After the Event." forum 24, 1991. ISASI, Sterling, VA. Latent Failure and Human FactorsRichard White As the new rules are introduced, it is anticipated that better reporting may cause an initial upward trend. all relevant Civil Aviation Rules (and thus remain in the "green" safety space). In these cases, the causal factors, or reasons, for the fault need to be determined, corrective action planning undertaken, and the causes of the fault removed by implementation of the corrective action. cause of each deficiency is identified, and appropriate corrective actions are initiated.. Initially the ICAO ADREP cause codes were used. Unfortunately, these gave unsatisfactory results and did not really identify the true root cause. The Airplane Safety Awareness ProcessSarah C. Williams The SRP team assigned to each issue is then responsible for determining the root cause and managing the resolution of the issue within the SRP process. Reporting Human Factors AccidentsDmitri V Zotov, MBE, MRAeS MO2981 Consider the Erebus Report by Mr Justice Mahon (13). After a masterly overview of all the things that came together to cause the disaster, Mahon felt impelled for (as he said) purely legal reasons, to ascribe it all to the "single dominant and effective cause " (the airline's failure to notify the flight crew that the route had been changed) (p. 159). Had he not done this, the Report would probably have been seen for what it was -- the first study of the systemic causes of accidents, ten years before Reason. end of extracted text (Added 2019) Summary of Views of Causes cases...
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